安全与防护

法例规定，新注册的车辆须使用“C”级反光膜。[Textumbruch]ECE 第 104 号法规并未规定车身反光标识的安装规范；相关安装要求等细则均在第 48 号法规中予以说明。 

ECE 第 70 号法规 
联合国发布的 ECE-R 70 法规，对货车、挂车及半挂车尾部标识证作出规范。该法规明确了尾部标识加贴 E 认证标识所必须满足的各项硬性指标。若标识符合 ECE 第 70 号法规条款，主管机构将向生产厂商核发此 E 认证标识。 

ECE Regulation No. 70-01

什么是EN ISO 20471？

这代表什么含义？ 

该标准的要求有哪些？ 

该标准的性能要求针对高可视警示服上所用材料的以下几项作出规定： 
-料色度 
-反射性能 
-料布设位置 
-料最小覆盖面积 

2级：中等防护等级
（无袖背心、工作服、工装裤）

3级：最高防护等级
（有袖大衣、夹克、工装裤、两件套）
0.8 m2荧光材料/ 0.2 m2反光材料

该标准规定了各项性能检测流程的相关要求。 

1) 逆反射材料经以下试验后的反光亮度指标：
-湿状态 
-温度变化 
-磨损 
-低温折叠
-永久折痕
-洗涤
干洗（如适用）

2) 荧光材料：
-紫外线曝晒
-尺寸稳定性
-水蒸气透过阻力
-色牢度 
-力学性能 

本标准适用于个人日常场景，例如慢跑、骑行或其他参与道路交通的活动人群。同时也覆盖运动爱好者群体，如公路自行车赛事、公路长跑、潜水等运动中需要穿戴高可视服装的人员。 

EN ISO 20471 标准规定了职业用高可视警示服装的整套性能要求，而 EN 1150 标准则针对民用场景作出更为细化的规定，同时明确反光材料的最小使用面积与布设位置基准，以此提升可视识别效果。符合上述两项标准的服装，能让穿戴者在各类光照环境下更易被察觉，无论白天自然光环境，或是夜间车辆大灯照射下均适用。 

对于非职业使用，EN 1150特别建议儿童，骑自行车者和跑步者等使用。 

每件服装均需包含荧光基底面料（明亮基材）与逆反射材料（反光条、反光环）。基底面料保障日间可视效果，逆反射构件则提升夜间识别度。 

依据穿着者体型尺寸，搭配规定最小面积的荧光基底面料与逆反射反光材料，即可满足 EN 1150 标准要求。 

本标准共分为五个部分，供道路管理部门及民间开发单位采购各类标牌时参照，相关标牌适用于市政道路、高速公路以及私人用地场景安装。 

该标准同时涵盖欧盟授权指令 M/111 中道路设施类流通支架相关产品，相关内容原载于《建筑产品指令》（CPD）89/106/EEC。该指令已于 2011 年 3 月 9 日被《建筑产品法规》（CPR）第 305/2011 号取代，且该法规直接适用于各成员国的法律法规体系。 

上述产品包含固定式立式道路标志（无论成品或待组装套件）及其配套构件，例如标志专用反光膜、立柱、标志板（含照明及固定配件），以及由上述各类构件任意组合而成的产品；同时还涵盖发光式道路隔离桩、道路标柱与固定式反射器。 

依据《建筑产品法规》（CPR）规定，自 2013 年 7 月 1 日起，符合 EN 12899 标准的相关产品必须在欧洲经济共同体（EEC）范围内加贴 CE 标识。 

采用玻璃珠技术反光材料制成的固定式立式道路标志牌，必须依据本标准加贴 CE 标识。采用微棱镜技术的固定式立式道路标志牌，需按照通用评估程序共识文件（CUAP）编号 01.06.04 项下的欧洲技术认证（ETA）要求加贴 CE 标识。 

第1部分：固定标志
第 1 部分规定了完整标志总成、标志牌面板、反光膜、标志支撑结构及照明装置的相关要求。针对反光膜的性能要求与试验方法适用于玻璃珠反光技术；微棱镜反光技术对应的相关要求，则在配套欧洲技术认证（ETA）文件中予以规定。 

第2部分：透光式道路路桩
第 2 部分规定全新透光式道路路桩的各项性能要求与试验方法，包括其结构构件、色度特性、逆反射性能、发光性能及耐老化性能。 

第3部分：道路轮廓标和反射器
第 3 部分规定全新轮廓标与反光器的性能要求及试验流程，包括其结构构件、色度性能、逆反射性能以及耐老化性能。 

第4部分：工厂生产控制
第 4 部分阐述第 1、2、3 部分所述产品的工厂生产控制（FPC）要求，该要求适用于依据本标准开展生产并取得认证的产品。 

第5部分：初始型式试验
第 5 部分规定第 1、2、3 部分所列产品的初始型式试验（ITT）相关要求，该试验用于测定可代表该产品型号的样品性能。 

本标准规定了非职业用途反光配件的光学性能及表面积要求，此类配件用于提升使用者在夜间道路被车辆灯光照射时的可视性。配件可穿戴于身体、佩戴于头部或以其他方式固定在人体上。本标准不适用于服装类产品。 

本标准将配件分为三个种类 
类型1：悬挂式配件，如反光挂坠 。
类型2：可拆卸的配件，如反光带和臂章。
类型3：附着式配件，如不干胶贴纸。

反光膜各类产品的光学性能标准由生产商制定。例如，Reflexite® 2032反光膜已通过认证，符合相关光学性能指标。 

1 类配件的表面积需介于 15 平方厘米至 50 平方厘米之间。若 1 类配件双面均具备反光性能，其厚度不得超过 10 毫米。
2 类和 3 类配件的最小表面积需大于 15 平方厘米。 

本标准为依据《建筑产品指令》89/106/EEC 制定的非协调欧洲标准。依据本标准生产并投放市场的产品，须取得并张贴产品认证标识，而非 CE 标识。 

本标准规定全新反光交通路锥与反光交通柱的各项要求，明确可视性能、物理性能的基础最低限值，同时给出用于判定产品性能的试验方法，以及向使用者和安全监管机构公示产品性能的方式。 

本标准进一步划分多个类别与等级，依据行业最优规范，可据此选定适用于不同使用场景的交通路锥或交通柱。针对物理性能方面，标准规定了低温环境、稳定性及抗冲击性能的指标参数和检验方法。 

标准同时规定了可视识别度、颜色、逆反射性能及发光度的最低要求。 

本标准规定了工业从业人员穿戴的耐热阻燃防护服装的最低性能要求。适用场景包含短时接触火焰，以及至少一种热危害环境（对流热、辐射热、大量熔融金属飞溅，或上述多种热危害叠加工况）。 

本国际标准中列出的多数危害类型，划分三个防护性能等级： 

-1 级：适用于低感知风险暴露工况 
-2 级：适用于中等感知风险暴露工况 
-3 级：适用于高感知风险暴露工况 

附着于服装外表面的逆反射材料、衬条及标识，在经受表面火焰燃烧测试时，必须与服装外层面料组合进行试验，且其燃烧性能需与服装外层面料保持一致。 

制动距离— 至关重要！该参数指驾驶员在视野内发现行人或障碍物后，使车辆安全停下所需的距离。最小制动距离由两段距离组成： a) 反应距离：从驾驶员发现障碍物到踩下制动踏板期间车辆行驶的距离； b) 制动距离：踩下制动后车辆直至完全停稳所行驶的距离。感知反应时间标准参考值为 2.5 秒；但如果叠加恶劣天气、高龄驾驶员等因素，该指标的实际情况会变得十分复杂。

Viewing angle - The angle between the line formed by a beam of light striking a surface and the line that the retroreflected beam takes to an observer's eye. This angle is greater for the driver of a bus or truck, for example, than for the driver of a normal car. The viewing angle is also much greater for a driver and a vehicle close to a retroreflective sign or similar. Large viewing angles mean that reflective surfaces appear less bright to the observer.

Viewing angle - The angle between the retroreflective axis and the viewing axis.

Candela (cd) - Often described as an approximation of the luminous intensity of a candle flame, a candela is a unit of luminous intensity. Candlepower (cpl) - Expression for the luminous intensity in candela - the total candela or luminous efficacy.

Angle of incidence - The angle at which a beam of light strikes a point on the surface relative to a perpendicular line on that point. The angle of incidence is often used when explaining examples of the angular adjustment of reflective materials when applied to a background.

Recognizability - The term refers to the ability to be seen. In the area of standards, this has to do with the distance at which the object can actually be seen.

Fluorescence - The emission of light by a substance when it is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, such as visible light. As long as the light or electromagnetic radiation continues to strike the substance, electrons in the fluorescent material become excited but quickly return to a low energy state and emit light at the same frequency. This increases the visibility of a product to improve recognizability during the day and at night.

Brightness - Brightness is measured in a similar way to the braking power of a vehicle; the more braking power a vehicle has, the stronger it is. The unit of measurement for brightness is candela/lux/m2. The more candela, the brighter. If the vehicle is approaching you, you can take evasive action sooner if you recognize the vehicle early. So you are safer! Prismatic technology is usually twice as bright as glass beads and because the reflectivity is stronger, you can be recognized from a greater distance thanks to warning clothing with prismatic bands.

Contrast - The interaction of the background of an object with the luminance.

Luminance - The amount of light we see on a retroreflective surface, measured in units of candela per square meter. Luminance refers to what the driver actually sees.

Luminance ratio - The ratio of the luminance (photometric brightness) of two areas in the field of view.

Microprismatic technology - Invented by Reflexite over 30 years ago, this is now the most optically effective way to reflect light back to the viewer, such as the driver of a car at night. Prism technology works by refracting the light on the inner surface. Light hits the three surfaces of the microprisms in sequence before returning to the source. The retroreflective efficiency is enhanced by the precise arrangement of the microprisms, as can be seen in the microscopic magnification. The sophisticated surface utilization of the microprisms provides the highest reflection standards. This reflects up to 80 % of the light. At the largest angle according to EN471, the Reflexite material normally shows 1,000 candela/lux/m² - twice as much as alternative glass bead materials (normally 500 cd/lux/m²).

Photometer - An instrument for measuring light.

Source - The object that generates the light.

Retroreflective material - A material that has a thin, continuous layer of small retroreflective elements on or very close to the exposed surface (for example, retroreflective sheeting, bead paint, highway sign surfaces or pavement markings).

Retroreflector - A reflective surface or device from which, upon directional irradiation, the reflecting rays are preferentially reflected back in the direction opposite to the original point of origin of the rays; a property that should be maintained over many directional variations of the initial direction of the rays.

Retroreflection - Occurs when the surface reflects a large proportion of the incoming light beam back to its source. Therefore, retroreflective materials appear brighter to an observer close to the plane of the light source. Retroreflective surfaces are ideal for devices to improve their recognition by drivers at night.

Visibility - The term refers to something being quickly recognizable or obvious. This is relevant to the standards because with higher performance of the tapes or materials of clothing, traffic control devices and vehicles, drivers of vehicles also have a better opportunity to recognize a person or an obstacle more quickly and react accordingly.

Ambient background or surroundings - These terms refer to the light surrounding a reflective object, such as a sign. This determines how bright the reflective object can be seen by the viewer.